Age+of+Imperialism



**Ayushi, Rhiannon, Sadie** **1800-1914** __**Cuba ought to be free and independent, and the government should be turned over to the Cuban people.**__ __ ~ William McKinley __

In the nineteenth century, Westernization had expanded to Asia and Africa. The products of European factories were sent to Africa and Asia in exchange for oil, tin, rubber, and other resources. Europeans had settles colonies in North and South Americas, which was called ** imperialism **. Southeast Asia had also been reached by the French in 1884 where they set up a ** protectorate **. France and Britain had a rivalry for Thailand, which was the last independent state left. ** King Mongkut **and ** King Chulalongkorn **both promoted Western learning and still maintained friendly relations with each other. The United States also had a huge part during the height of imperialism. The naval forces under the command of ** Commodore George Dewy **defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. President ** William McKinley **turned the Philippines into an American colony. However, the Filipinos did not agree with the American ** Senator Albert Beveridge ** of Indiana. ** Emilio Aguinaldo **was the leader for independence in the Philippines, and he began revolt against the Spanish. When United States attacked, Aguinaldo fought against the U.S. troops to fight for his country’s independence. Western powers had governed their new colonies by either ** indirect rule **or ** direct rule **. Many people in Southeast Asia were very unhappy about being governed by Western powers. Early resistance movements failed since they were overcome by the Western powers. By the twentieth century, people started revolting based on the force of ** nationalism **.

West Africa had been the part of the world that was most affected by the slave trade. Slave trade had begun to decline during the early 1800’s since both Great Britain and United States had declared slave trade illegal. As the slavery declined, interest in other forms of trade increased, such as textiles and other manufactured goods in exchange for natural resources found in West Africa. However, Great Britain in 1874 ** annexed ** the west coastal states as the first British colony of Gold Coast. Eventually, as the Ottoman Empire rule declined, Egyptians sought independence. ** Muhammad Ali **took power in 1805 and established an Egyptian state. The economic importance of the Nile River grew even more during his rule. In 1854, ** Ferdinand de Lesseps **came and completed the ** Suez Canal **. Many people where still exploring this new region and one person was ** David **** Livingstone **. He arrived in Africa in 1841 but had disappeared for a while. Then the //New York Herald// hired a young journalist, ** Henry Stanley **, to find him. He found him on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and greeted him with his now famous words: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”

Ultimately, Europeans reached to South Africa, where the total white population had risen to two hundred thousand people. Some of these peoples where ** Boers **and were ** indigenous **to these areas. The British power had also reached to India. To rule India, ** British East India Company **had hired ** sepoys ** to protect the company’s interests in the region. They ruled India by direct rule through a ** viceroy **. This would eventually lead to India’s freedom in 1947.

__**Important Terms: **__
 * 1) **Imperialism**- Imperialism is the extension of a nation's power over other lands; one prime example would be how the British controlled all parts of the world.
 * 2) **Protectorate**- Protectorate is a political unit that depends on another government for its protection; an example would be French Indochina and Vietnam.
 * 3) **Nationalism**- Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms.
 * 4) **Annexed**- Annexed is an incorporate territory into an existing political unit, such as a city or country; this happened a lot during the imperialism.
 * 5) **Indigenous**- Indigenous means people who are native to the land; people who were born and raised there; people who originated from that place.
 * 6) ** Sepoy **- Sepoys were Indian soldiers who were hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region.
 * 7) **Viceroy**- A viceroy is a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch; it is the equivalent of an Indian Sepoy.
 * 8) **Indirect Rule**- Indirect rule is a type of European colonial policy in which power over day-to-day activities was left in the hands of the traditional rulers.
 * 9) <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">**Boers**- The Afrikaners who were white natives of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers; they were the one who eventually left on a great journey known as the Great Trek.
 * 10) <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Suez Canal**- A canal built by Ferdinand de Lesseps during the 1860's and also connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

__**<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Important People: **__ > > >
 * 1) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Ferdinand de Lesseps**- He is the one credited for building the Suez Canal in the 1860's which connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea; He later tried to build the Panama Canal.
 * 2) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Muhammad Ali**- Muhammad Ali is the first person to make the Egypt state in control in 1805; he also was the one who drove out Napoleon when he came to attack.
 * 3) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**David Livingstone**- David Livingstone is the greatest African Explorer and was the first non-African to cross Africa; he discovered Victoria Falls in 1855.
 * 4) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Emilio Aguinaldo**- Emilio Aguinaldo is a Filipino general who is also considered a national hero for the Filipino people since he defended his country during an attack from Spain.
 * 5) **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Henry Stanley **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> - Henry Stanley was a journalist who was hired from the New York Herald to find David Livingstone after he disappeared 6 years before; he found him after an 8 month search.
 * 6) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**William McKinley**- William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States of America and had a huge role and impact during the Age of Imperialism.
 * 7) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Albert Beveridge**- Albert Beveridge was a historian and a senator of the United States of America. He supported keeping the Philippines under US control.
 * 8) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**George Dewey**- Commodore George Dewey commanded the naval forces that defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay; if he hadn't been there, the whole world history would be changed.
 * 9) <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**King Chulalongkorn**- This man was one of the two kings that had expanded and adopted the Western culture and learning into their homelands.
 * 10) **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">King Mongkut- **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">This man was one of the two kings that had expanded and adopted the Western culture and learning into their homelands.

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<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">__**IMPORTANT LINKS:**__
 * 1) If you want more information about [|Emilio Aguinaldo], this website contains a history of his lifelong fight for the liberation of the Philippines.
 * 2) If you want more information about [|the slave trade during this time], this website contains a timeline of notable events on the subject.
 * 3) If you want more information about [|Dr. David Livingstone], this website contains a history of his life and exposition of the horrors of slavery.
 * 4) If you want more information about [|the Suez Canal], this website contains information about the history, importance, and usage of the canal.
 * 5) If you want more information about [|Albert Beveridge's support of keeping the Philippines], this website contains a record of his speech to Congress.
 * 6) If you want more information about [|the Boers], this website gives a history of their origin, fight for freedom, and details about their culture.
 * 7) If you want more information about [|Muhammad Ali of Egypt], this website tells of his rise to power and defeat of the Mamluks, his reform of Egypt, and his influence on history.
 * 8) If you want more information about [|the British East India Company], this website tells about the company's beginnings, trade power, and assimilation into the British Government.
 * 9) If you want more information about [|the colonization of Africa], this website tells of the competition between Britain, France, and Germany for colonies in Africa.
 * 10) If you want more information about [|King Chulalongkorn] and his influence on Thailand, this website contains a history of his various reforms bringing Thailand into the modern world.

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