European+Nationalism

** Ayushi, Rhianon, Sadie ** ** 1870~1914 ** **A leader is a dealer in hope. ** ** ~Napoleon Bonaparte **

After the defeat of ** Napoleon Bonaparte **, European rulers moved to restore the old power and old order. Nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain met at **Congress of Vienna **in September 1814 to arrange a peace settlement. **Conservatism **order was based all over Europe, which was first mentioned by **Klemens von Metternich **. Eventually the great powers adopted a **principle of intervention **. This gave the rights to the great powers to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Finally, **liberalism ** came along in 1815 and took over the governing system. Liberals believed that all these freedoms should be granted by a document such as the American ** Bill of Rights **. **Nationalism **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">was an even more powerful force for change in the nineteenth century.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">In France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon monarch ** Charles X **in 1830. ** Louis-Philippe **, a cousin of Charles X, came for the political support for the new monarch. The revolution in France was a spark for revolution in other countries. The monarchy was finally overthrown in 1848 and the election was to be by the ** universal male suffrage **. The provisional government made national workshops to provide work for the unemployed. A new constitution was ratified on November 4, 1848 by the **<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Second Republic **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. The president was chosen every four years and **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Charles Louis Napoleon **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">had won to be the first president of this.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The Congress of Vienna also finally recognized the 38 independent German as the **<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">German Confederation **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. A revolution also started in the Austrian Empire, which was also a **<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">multinational state **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> Carl Schulz **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">was known for starting the Frankfurt Assembly during the Civil War. However, by 1871, both Germany and Italy were unified. **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Giuseppe Garibaldi **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">had risen to be the new leader of Italy and raised an army of volunteers called **<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Red Shirts **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. This was possible because of the Crimean War, which was the struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The Italians gained control of Venetia since there was a war between Austria and Prussia, which was known for its **<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">militarism **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">King William I **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">had tried to enlarge the Prussian army so he appointed **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Otto von Bismarck **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">. Eventually, he was defeated by **<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Czar Alexander II **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">, emperor of Russia.
 * 1807 || * Robert Fulton builds the first paddle-wheel steamboat ||
 * 1814 || * Congress of Vienna Meets ||
 * 1830 || * First Public railway line opens in Britain ||
 * 1837 || * Victoria becomes queen of Great Britain ||
 * 1848 || * Revolutions erupt in Europe ||
 * 1853 || * Crimean War begins ||
 * 1861 || * Czar Alexander II frees the Russian serfs ||
 * 1865 || * U.S. Confederate troops surrender ||
 * 1871 || * German unification achieved ||

**IMPORTANT TERMS:**
 * 1) realpolitik- The literal translation of this from German was "politics of reality". These were politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations, rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises.
 * 2) militarism- This is a reliance on military strength. One of the powers this could refer to was Prussia and its large, well-equipped army.
 * 3) Red Shirts- This was an army of 1000 volunteers raised by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They were called Red Shirts because of their red uniforms.
 * 4) universal male suffrage- This was the right of all adult men to vote for political elections, not restricted by land-ownership, class, or lack of wealth.
 * 5) balance of power- This is a balance in which no one country has the military power to control all the other countries in Europe.
 * 6) conservatism- This was a political philosophy of the people who favored obedience to government and supported organized religion.
 * 7) liberalism- This was a political philosophy of the people who didn't support being controlled by the government and held that people should be as free as possible.
 * 8) principle of intervention- This was the principle that declared that the great powers had the right to send armies into revolutionary countries and restore the former, legitimate monarchs.
 * 9) emancipation- This is a broad term that refers to various efforts to obtain political rights and/or equality for a group that has been discriminated against.
 * 10) principle of ligitimacy- This was the principle that meant the lawful monarchs that ruled before Napolean would be restored to their former positions.

**IMPORTANT PEOPLE:**
 * 1) Napoleon Bonaparte- This was the man who took over after the Directory fell. He was famed for his military and tactical skill. He also wrote his Napoleonic Code, otherwise known as the Civil Code, which curtailed the rights of women.
 * 2) Klemens von Metternich- Formally known as Prince Klemens von Metternich, this leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister. He claimed he was guided by the principle of legitimacy.
 * 3) Carl Schurz- This 1840’s writer was one of the people who recorded the reaction of Germans to the news that France was in revolution. He also, after the German revolution of 1848, traveled to the United States, where he fought in the Civil War and became secretary of the interior.
 * 4) Guiseppe Garibaldi- This was the radical Italian patriot who raised an army of 1000 volunteers. They had the nickname Red Shirts because of the color of their uniforms.
 * 5) Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte- Commonly called Louis-Bonaparte, this nephew of the famous French general and leader won the election for president of the Second Republic, which had a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage.
 * 6) King William I- This was the king who tried to strengthen the Prussian army but was rebuffed by the Prussian legislature when they refused to levy new taxes for the proposed military changes.
 * 7) Czar Alexander II- This was the Russian leader that reformed the rights of serfs. He issued an emancipation edict to allow peasants to own property and marry as they wished. However, this led to a lower quality of life for the serfs than before.
 * 8) Charles X- This was the Bourbon monarch overthrown in 1830 by liberals seeking to change the conservative domination of Europe. He was replaced by his cousin, Louis-Philippe.
 * 9) Otto von Bismarck- Formally known as Count Otto von Bismarck, this was the new prime minister appointed by William I when he was attempting to enlarge the Prussian army.
 * 10) Louis-Philippe- This was the man who replaced Charles X after the revolution by the liberals. His rise to power was supported by the upper middle class.


 * IMPORTANT LINKS: **
 * 1) If you want more information on the topic of [|Napoleon Bonaparte], this website provides a summary of his childhood, family life, and career.
 * 2) If you want more information on the topic of [|Prussia], this website contains maps and various facts about this no-longer-existing land.
 * 3) If you want more information on the topic of [|conservatism], this website contains a definition, which should help clear up any confusion.
 * 4) If you want more information on the topic of [|the French Revolution], this website contains a summary of the causes and main battles of this event.
 * 5) If you want more information on the topic of [|the revolution of 1848], this website contains a summary of the causes and reason for failure of this event.
 * 6) If you want more information on the topic of [|King William I], this website contains a history of his life and the effects of his emancipation edict.
 * 7) If you want more information on the topic of [|Czar Alexander II], this website contains a summary of his life and details his attempted expansion of Prussia.
 * 8) If you want more information on the topic of [|Giuseppe Garibaldi], this website has a summary of his life and involvement with the Red Shirts.
 * 9) If you want more information on the topic of [|the Crimean War], this website contains a summary of the main battles and reasons for this war.
 * 10) If you want more information on the topic of [|the Second Republic], this website contains a history of the formation, making of the constitution, and disintegration of the Second Republic.

media type="youtube" key="ttdndRyoehM" height="315" width="560" media type="youtube" key="Pqik0WDMDco" height="315" width="420"

media type="custom" key="13064992"